/**
@if INTERNAL

@page inmemintern Internal Architecture for NC_INMEMORY Support

\tableofcontents

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# Introduction {#inmemintern_intro}

This document describes the internal workings
of the inmemory features of the netcdf-c library.
The companion document to this -- inmemory.md --
describes the "external" operation of the inmemory features.

This document describes how the in-memory operation
is implemented both for netcdf-3 files and for netcdf-4 files.

# Generic Capabilities {#inmemintern_general}

Both the netcdf-3 and netcdf-4 implementations assume that
they are initially given a (pointer,size) pair representing
a chunk of allocated memory of specified size.

If a file is being created instead of opened, then only the size
is needed and the netcdf-c library will internally allocate the
corresponding memory chunk.

If NC_DISKLESS is being used, then a chunk of memory is allocated
whose size is the same as the length of the file, and the contents
of the file is then read into that chunk of memory.

This information is in general represented by the following struct
(see include/netcdf_mem.h).
````
typedef struct NC_memio {
    size_t size;
    void* memory;
    int flags;
} NC_memio;

````
The flags field describes properties and constraints to be applied
to the given memory. At the moment, only this one flag is defined.
````
#define NC_MEMIO_LOCKED 1
````
If this flag is set, then the netcdf library will ensure that
the original allocated memory is ```locked```, which means
that it  will never be realloc'd nor free'd.
Note that this flag is ignored when creating a memory file: it is only
relevant when opening a pre-allocated chunk of memory via the
_nc_open_mem_ function.

Note that this flag does not prevent the memory from being modified.
If there is room, then the memory may be modified in place. If the size
of the memory needs to be increased and the this flag is set, then
the operation will fail.

When the _nc_close_memio_ function is called instead of
_nc_close_, then the currently allocated memory (and its size)
is returned. If the _NC_MEMIO_LOCKED_ flag is set, then it
should be the case that the chunk of memory returned is the same
as originally provided. However, the size may be different
because it represents the amount of memory that contains
meaningful data; this value may be less than the original provided size.
The actual allocated size for the memory chunk is the same as originally
provided, so it that value is needed, then the caller must save it somewhere.

Note also that ownership of the memory chunk is given to the
caller, and it is the caller's responsibility to _free_ the memory.

# NetCDF-4 Implementation {#inmemintern_nc4}

The implementation of in-memory support for netcdf-4 files
is quite complicated. 

The netCDF-4 implementation relies on the HDF5 library.  In order
to implement in-memory storage of data, the HDF5 core driver is
used to manage underlying storage of the netcdf-c file.

An HDF5 driver is an abstract interface that allows different
underlying storage implementations. So there is a standard file
driver as well as a core driver, which uses memory as the
underlying storage.

Generically, the memory is referred to as a file image [1].

## libhdf5/nc4mem

The primary API for in-memory operations is in the file
libhdf5/nc4mem.c and the defined functions are described in the next sections

### nc4mem.NC4_open_image_file

The signature is:
````
int NC4_open_image_file(NC_FILE_INFO_T* h5)
````
Basically, this function sets up the necessary state information
to use the HDF5 core driver.
It obtains the memory chunk and size from the _h5->mem.memio_ field.

Specifically, this function converts the 
_NC_MEMIO_LOCKED_ flag into using the HDF5 image specific flags:
_H5LT_FILE_IMAGE_DONT_COPY_ and  _H5LT_FILE_IMAGE_DONT_RELEASE_.
It then invokes the function _libhdf5/nc4memcb/NC4_image_init_
function to do the necessary HDF5 specific setup.

### nc4mem.NC4_create_image_file

The signature is:
````
int NC4_create_image_file(NC_FILE_INFO_T* h5, size_t initialsize)
````

This function sets up the necessary state information
to use the HDF5 core driver, but for a newly created file.
It initializes the memory chunk and size in the _h5->mem.memio_ field
from the _initialsize_ argument and it leaves the memory chunk pointer NULL.
It ignores the _NC_MEMIO_LOCKED_ flag.
It then invokes the function _libhdf5/nc4memcb/NC4_image_init_
function to do the necessary HDF5 specific setup.

### libhdf5/hdf5file.c/nc4_close-netcdf4_file

When a file is closed, this function is invoked. As part of its operation,
and if the file is an in-memory file, it does one of two things.

1. If the user provided an _NC_memio_ instance, then return the final image
in that instance; the user is then responsible for freeing it.
2. If no _NC_memio_ instance was provided, then just discard the final image.

## libhdf5/nc4memcb

The HDF5 core driver uses an abstract interface for managing the
allocation and free'ing of memory. This interface is defined
as a set of callback functions [2] that implement the functions
of this struct.

````
typedef struct {
    void *(*_malloc)(size_t size, H5_file_image_op_t op, void *udata);
    void *(*_memcpy)(void *dest, const void *src, size_t size,
                     H5_file_image_op_t op, void *udata);
    void *(*_realloc)(void *ptr, size_t size,
                      H5_file_image_op_t op, void *udata);
    herr_t (*_free)(void *ptr, H5_file_image_op_t op, void *udata);
    void *(*udata_copy)(void *udata); 
    herr_t (*udata_free)(void *udata); 
    void *udata;
} H5_file_image_callbacks_t;
````
The _udata_ field at the end defines any extra state needed by the functions.
Each function is passed the udata as its last argument. The structure of the
udata is arbitrary, and is passed as _void*_ to the functions.

The _udata_ structure and callback functions used by the netcdf-c library
are defined in the file _libhdf5/nc4memcb.c_. Setup is defined by the
function _NC4_image_init_ in that same file.

The _udata_ structure used by netcdf is as follows.
````
typedef struct {
    void *app_image_ptr;	/* Pointer to application buffer */
    size_t app_image_size;	/* Size of application buffer */
    void *fapl_image_ptr;	/* Pointer to FAPL buffer */
    size_t fapl_image_size;	/* Size of FAPL buffer */
    int fapl_ref_count;		/* Reference counter for FAPL buffer */
    void *vfd_image_ptr;	/* Pointer to VFD buffer (Note: VFD => used by core driver) */
    size_t vfd_image_size;	/* Size of VFD buffer */
    int vfd_ref_count;		/* Reference counter for VFD buffer */
    unsigned flags;		/* Flags indicate how the file image will be opened */
    int ref_count;		/* Reference counter on udata struct */
    NC_FILE_INFO_T* h5;		/* Pointer to the netcdf parent structure */
} H5LT_file_image_ud_t;
````

It is necessary to understand one more point about the callback functions.
The first four take an argument of type _H5_file_image_op_t_ -- the operator.
This is an enumeration that indicates additional context about the purpose for
which the callback is being invoked. For the purposes of the netcdf-4
implementation, only the following operators are used.

- H5FD_FILE_IMAGE_OP_PROPERTY_LIST_SET
- H5FD_FILE_IMAGE_OP_PROPERTY_LIST_COPY
- H5FD_FILE_IMAGE_OP_PROPERTY_LIST_GET
- H5FD_FILE_IMAGE_OP_PROPERTY_LIST_CLOSE
- H5FD_FILE_IMAGE_OP_FILE_OPEN
- H5FD_FILE_IMAGE_OP_FILE_RESIZE
- H5FD_FILE_IMAGE_OP_FILE_CLOSE

As can be seen, basically the operators indicate if the operation is with respect to
an HDF5 property list, or with respect to a file (i.e. a core image in this case).
For each callback described below, the per-operator actions will be described.
Not all operators are used with all callbacks.

Internally, the HDF5 core driver thinks it is doing the following:

1. Allocate memory and copy the incoming memory chunk into that newly allocated memory
   (call image_malloc followed by image_memcpy).
2. Periodically reallocate the memory to increase its size
   (call image_realloc).
3. Free up the memory as no longer needed
   (call image_free).

It turns out that for propertly lists, realloc is never called.
However the HDF5 core driver follows all of the above steps.

The following sections describe the callback function operation.

### libhdf5/nc4memcb/local_image_malloc

This function is called to allocated an internal chunk of memory so
the original provided memory is no longer needed. In order to implement
the netcdf-c semantics, we modify this behavior.

#### Operator H5FD_FILE_IMAGE_OP_PROPERTY_LIST_SET
We assume that the property list image info will never need to be modified,
so we just copy the incoming buffer info (the app_image fields) into the fapl_image fields. 

#### Operator H5FD_FILE_IMAGE_OP_PROPERTY_LIST_COPY
Basically just return the fapl_image_ptr field, so no actual copying.

#### Operator H5FD_FILE_IMAGE_OP_PROPERTY_LIST_COPY and H5FD_FILE_IMAGE_OP_PROPERTY_LIST_GET
Basically just return the fapl_image_ptr field, so no actual copying or malloc needed.

#### Operator H5FD_FILE_IMAGE_OP_FILE_OPEN
Since we always start by using the original incoming image buffer, we just
need to store that pointer and size into the vfd_image fields (remember, vfd is that
used by the core driver).

### libhdf5/nc4memcb/local_image_memcpy
This function is supposed to be used to copy the incoming buffer into an internally
malloc'd buffer. Since we use the original buffer, no memcpy is actually needed.
As a safety check, we do actually do a memcpy if, for some reason, the _src_ and _dest_
arguments are different. In practice, this never happens.

### libhdf5/nc4memcb/local_image_realloc
Since the property list image is never realloc'd this is only called with 
_H5FD_FILE_IMAGE_OP_FILE_RESIZE_.

If the memory is not locked (i.e. the _NC_MEMIO_LOCKED_ flag was not used),
then we are free to realloc the vfd_ptr.  But if the memory is locked,
then we cannot realloc and we must fake it as follows:

1. If the chunk is big enough, then pretend to do a realloc by
   changing the vfd_image_size.
2. If the chunk is not big enough to accommodate the requested new size,
   then fail.

There is one important complication. It turns out that the image_realloc
callback is sometimes called with a ptr argument value of NULL. This assumes
that if realloc is called with a NULL buffer pointer, then it acts like _malloc_.
Since we have found that some systems to do not implement this, we implement it
in our local_image_realloc code and do a _malloc_ instead of _realloc_.

### libhdf5/nc4memcb/local_image_free

This function is, of course, invoked to deallocate memory.
It is only invoked with the 
H5FD_FILE_IMAGE_OP_PROPERTY_LIST_CLOSE
and H5FD_FILE_IMAGE_OP_FILE_CLOSE
operators.

#### Operator H5FD_FILE_IMAGE_OP_PROPERTY_LIST_CLOSE
For the way the netcdf library uses it, it should still be the case that
the fapl pointer is same as original incoming app_ptr, so we do not need
to do anything for this operator.

#### Operator H5FD_FILE_IMAGE_OP_FILE_CLOSE
Since in our implementation, we maintain control of the memory, this case
will never free any memory, but may save a pointer to the current vfd memory
so it can be returned to the original caller, if they want it.
Specifically the vfd_image_ptr and vfd_image_size are always
copied to the _udata->h5->mem.memio_ field so they can
be referenced by higher level code.

### libhdf5/nc4memcb/local_udata_copy
Our version of this function only manipulates the reference count.

### libhdf5/nc4memcb/local_udata_free
Our version of this function only manipulates the reference count.

# NetCDF-3 Implementation {#inmemintern_nc3}

The netcdf-3 code -- in libsrc -- has its own, internal storage
management API as defined in the file _libsrc/ncio.h_. It implements
the API in the form of a set of function pointers as defined in the
structure _struct_ _ncio_. These function have the following signatures
and semantics.

- int ncio_relfunc(ncio*, off_t offset, int rflags) --
  Indicate that you are done with the region which begins at offset.
- int ncio_getfunc(ncio*, off_t offset, size_t extent, int rflags, void **const vpp) --
  Request that the region (offset, extent) be made available through *vpp.
- int ncio_movefunc(ncio*, off_t to, off_t from, size_t nbytes, int rflags) --
  Like memmove(), safely move possibly overlapping data.
- int ncio_syncfunc(ncio*) --
  Write out any dirty buffers to disk and ensure that next read will get data from disk.
- int ncio_pad_lengthfunc(ncio*, off_t length) --
  Sync any changes to disk, then truncate or extend file so its size is length.
- int ncio_closefunc(ncio*, int doUnlink)
  -- Write out any dirty buffers and ensure that next read will not get cached data.
  Then sync any changes, and then close the open file.

The _NC_INMEMORY_ semantics are implemented by creating an implementation of the above functions
specific for handling in-memory support. This is implemented in the file _libsrc/memio.c_.

## Open/Create/Close

Open and close related functions exist in _memio.c_ that are not specifically part of the API.
These functions are defined in the following sections.

### memio_create
Signature:
````
int memio_create(const char* path, int ioflags, size_t initialsz, off_t igeto, size_t igetsz, size_t* sizehintp, void* parameters /*ignored*/, ncio* *nciopp, void** const mempp)
````
Create a new file. Invoke _memio_new_ to create the _ncio_
instance.  If it is intended that the resulting file be
persisted to the file system, then verify that writing such a
file is possible.  Also create an initial in-memory buffer to
hold the file data.  Otherwise act like e.g. _posixio_create_.

### memio_open
Signature:
````
int memio_open(const char* path, int ioflags, off_t igeto, size_t igetsz, size_t* sizehintp, void* parameters, ncio* *nciopp, void** const mempp)
````
Open an existing file. Invoke _memio_new_ to create the _ncio_
instance.  If it is intended that the resulting file be
persisted to the file system, then verify that writing such a
file is possible.  Also create an initial in-memory buffer to
hold the file data. Read the contents of the existing file into
the allocated memory.
Otherwise act like e.g. _posixio_open_.

### memio_extract
Signature:
````
int memio_extract(ncio* const nciop, size_t* sizep, void** memoryp)
````
This function is called as part of the NC3_close function in the event that
the user wants the final in-memory chunk returned to them via _nc_close_mem_.
It captures the existing in-memory chunk and returns it. At this point,
memio will no longer have access to that memory.

## API Semantics

The semantic interaction of the above API and NC_INMEMORY are described in the following sections.

### ncio_relfunc
Just unlock the in-memory chunk.

### ncio_getfunc
First guarantee that the requested region exists, and if necessary,
realloc to make it exist. If realloc is needed, and the
file is locked, then fail.

### ncio_movefunc
First guarantee that the requested destination region exists, and if necessary,
realloc to make it exist. If realloc is needed, and the
file is locked, then fail.

### ncio_syncfunc
This is a no-op as far as memio is concerned.

### ncio_pad_lengthfunc
This may realloc the allocated in-memory buffer to achieve padding
rounded up to the pagesize.

### ncio_filesizefunc
This just returns the used size of the in-memory chunk.
Note that the allocated size might be larger.

### ncio_closefunc
If the usere wants the contents persisted, then write out the used portion
of the in-memory chunk to the target file.
Then, if the in-memory chunk is not locked, or for some reason has
been modified, go ahead and free that memory.

# References {#inmemintern_bib}

1. https://support.hdfgroup.org/HDF5/doc1.8/Advanced/FileImageOperations/HDF5FileImageOperations.pdf
2. https://support.hdfgroup.org/HDF5/doc/RM/RM_H5P.html#Property-SetFileImageCallbacks

# Point of Contact {#inmemintern_poc}

__Author__: Dennis Heimbigner<br>
__Email__: dmh at ucar dot edu<br>
__Initial Version__: 8/28/2018<br>
__Last Revised__: 8/28/2018

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@endif

*/
