Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3: System Administration Guide
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# Chapter 21. Controlling Access to Services

Maintaining security on your system is extremely important. One way to manage security on your system is to manage access to system services carefully. Your system may need to provide open access to particular services (for example, `httpd` if you are running a Web server). However, if you do not need to provide a service, you should turn it off to minimize your exposure to possible bug exploits.

There are several different methods for managing access to system services. Decide which method of management to use based on the service, your system's configuration, and your level of Linux expertise.

The easiest way to deny access to a service is to turn it off. Both the services managed by `xinetd` (discussed later in this section) and the services in the `/etc/rc.d/init.d` hierarchy (also known as SysV services) can be configured to start or stop using three different applications:

- Services Configuration Tool — a graphical application that displays a description of each service, displays whether each service is started at boot time (for runlevels 3, 4, and 5), and allows services to be started, stopped, and restarted.

- ntsysv — a text-based application that allows you to configure which services are started at boot time for each runlevel. Changes do not take effect immediately for non-`xinetd` services. Non-`xinetd` services can not be started, stopped, or restarted using this program.

- `chkconfig` — a command line utility that allows you to turn services on and off for the different runlevels. Changes do not take effect immediately for non-`xinetd` services. Non-`xinetd` services can not be started, stopped, or restarted using this utility.

You may find that these tools are easier to use than the alternatives — editing the numerous symbolic links located in the directories below `/etc/rc.d` by hand or editing the `xinetd` configuration files in `/etc/xinetd.d`.

Another way to manage access to system services is by using `iptables` to configure an IP firewall. If you are a new Linux user, please realize that `iptables` may not be the best solution for you. Setting up `iptables` can be complicated and is best tackled by experienced Linux system administrators.

On the other hand, the benefit of using `iptables` is flexibility. For example, if you need a customized solution which provides certain hosts access to certain services, `iptables` can provide it for you. Refer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Reference Guide and the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Security Guide for more information about `iptables`.

Alternatively, if you are looking for a utility to set general access rules for your home machine, and/or if you are new to Linux, try the Security Level Configuration Tool (`redhat-config-securitylevel`), which allows you to select the security level for your system, similar to the Firewall Configuration screen in the installation program.

Refer to Chapter 20 Basic Firewall Configuration for more information. If you need more specific firewall rules, refer to the `iptables` chapter in the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Reference Guide.

# 21.1. Runlevels

Before you can configure access to services, you must understand Linux runlevels. A runlevel is a state, or mode, that is defined by the services listed in the directory `/etc/rc.d/rc`<x>`.d`, where `<x>` is the number of the runlevel.

The following runlevels exist:

- 0 — Halt

- 1 — Single-user mode

- 2 — Not used (user-definable)

- 3 — Full multi-user mode

- 4 — Not used (user-definable)

- 5 — Full multi-user mode (with an X-based login screen)

- 6 — Reboot

If you use a text login screen, you are operating in runlevel 3. If you use a graphical login screen, you are operating in runlevel 5.

The default runlevel can be changed by modifying the `/etc/inittab` file, which contains a line near the top of the file similar to the following:

    id:5:initdefault:

Change the number in this line to the desired runlevel. The change do not take effect until you reboot the system.

To change the runlevel immediately, use the command `telinit` followed by the runlevel number. You must be root to use this command. The `telinit` command does not change the `/etc/inittab` file; it only changes the runlevel currently running. When the system is rebooted, it is booted in to the runlevel specified in `/etc/inittab`.

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